This study provides a national portrait of Title I and Title II-A implementation at three key points: 2013-14 (under No Child Left Behind and ESEA Flexibility), 2017-18 (during the transition to ESSA), and 2021-22 (during a more mature phase of ESSA implementation, in the pandemic recovery context). The study draws on existing data, such as state ESSA plans, and surveys of states, districts, and schools.
